Vietnam war causes

Vietnam war causes. THE VIETNAM WAR: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND LESSONS Class Notes Contemporary History Dr. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one Apr 18, 2018 · The unintended consequence: many G. The United States, France, China Apr 23, 2019 · The causes of the Vietnam War revolve around the simple belief held by America that communism was threatening to expand all over south-east Asia. What's Happening? Learn about our current programs and exhibits related to the Vietnam War. Should we trace it back to the 1940s when President Harry Truman authorized U. 6 billion in financial support from the United States. W. On August 2 the destroyer USS Maddox was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats while on electronic surveillance patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Vietnam War was fought Feb 22, 2010 · Vietnam War protests began among peace activists and leftist intellectuals on college campuses, but gained national prominence in 1965, after the United States began bombing North Vietnam in earnest. , possessing the largest foreign military presence, essentially directed the war from 1965 to 1968. Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive. It influenced US involvement in future conflicts. 1883-1945 - Cochin-China, southern Vietnam, and Annam and Tonkin, central and northern Vietnam, along with Cambodia and Laos make up colonial empire French Indochina. O. Céspedes, Ph. Vietnam War and the Battle of Dak To. -since 1885, VIETNAM had been under FRENCH CONTROL (a colony) -throughout the period, natuonalist groups had staged an ARMED RESISTANCE. Causes of the Conflict The Vietnam War's causes have been a subject of ongoing debate. Realists, such as Gabriel Kolko (1994), argue that the war was primarily a result of great power politics and the quest for hegemony. This volume provides an authoritative and accessible introduction to the origins of the war. April 30,2000, marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the real end of the Vietnam War: the "fall" of Saigon—which was quickly renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Nov 22, 2017 · The U. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. These records were transferred into the custody of the National Archives and Records Administration in 2008. The Vietnam War, as it unfolded and drew to a bloody end with the emergence of detente, was one of the most important wars that the world has ever seen. The conflict in Vietnam was not just a civil war, but also a proxy war, a tangible manifestation of the ideological struggle that defined much The Vietnam War lasted about 40 years and involved several countries. But experts said the military conflict could not be properly understood without . go to war in Vietnam? This is a question historians continue to debate. 58,000 Americans were killed and 300,000 were wounded. The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) attempting to prevent the spread of communism. This clash ended with North Vietnam's victory and reunification of the country. -it was seen as an insult to VIETNAMESE CULTURE, and it agitated nationalists further. The earliest casualty record contains a date of death of Feb 27, 2024 · Fall of Saigon, capture of Saigon, the capital of the Republic of South Vietnam, by North Vietnamese forces, which occurred from March 4 to April 30, 1975. The area had been dubbed “Pinkville” by Mar 6, 2015 · March 6, 2015. In 1965, the United States officially entered the war in response to North Vietnam's attack on a U. It was a direct result of the First Indochina War (1946–1954) between France, which claimed Vietnam as a colony, and the communist forces then known as Viet Minh. An unexpected development in August 1964 altered that timetable. experience in the Vietnam conflict. In March 1968, Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek re-election The deaths of as many as 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1. The U. The origins of the Vietnam War are deeply rooted in the long history of Vietnamese struggle for independence, initially against the French colonial rule, and later against a divided world of opposing ideologies. The war began in 1959 as a result of the United States attempting to stop communism from spreading throughout Vietnam and to the rest of the world (Vietnam War). -france had introduced a program of westernization in vietnam. 5 of 5. Kennedy, who took office in 1961, Vietnam represented both a challenge and an opportunity. servicemen. Dioxin has since been linked to a host of serious health issues, including The “Domino Theory” was a direct cause of the war. What Caused the Vietnam War? Also known as the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam War was a long and bloody conflict, spanning 20 years from 1955 to 1975. The world's greatest superpower had been beaten by a small, under-equipped, yet committed guerrilla army. Pres. There will likely be no consensus on the single, most definitive cause. Arthur Waldron, the Lauder Professor of International Relations in the School of Arts and Sciences. Sep 13, 2017 · The Vietnam War started in the 1950s, according to most historians, though the conflict in Southeast Asia had its roots in the French colonial period of the 1800s. ” 7 Moreover, American political and military leaders found that Cold War calculations mattered just as much as the fighting inside South Vietnam. A Vietnamese leader named Ho Chi Minh started a revolution against the French and in 1954, he The United States will have failed in its policy of containment. Sep 21, 2021 · The U. S involvement in Vietnam had started as early as 1950 when Harry Truman sent military advisors to aid the French. Over almost 20 years, more than 2. The Vietnam War, with the exception of the Civil War, was the most divisive conflict in American history. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for 3. 1 million North Vietnamese soldiers, 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, and 58,000 U. Nov 9, 2009 · North and South Vietnam. The most famous is Agent Orange, a chemical dust that contains dioxin, which causes leaves to fall off plants. VA offers eligible Veterans a free Agent Orange Registry health exam for possible long-term health problems related to herbicide exposure. Before the Vietnam War The Southeast Asian country of Vietnam had been under French control since the 1800’s and went through French rule. ’s strategy of containment during the Cold War, which aimed to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world. Causes of the Vietnam war . 150,000. It was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The cost in lives was enormous. William Westmoreland, the US military commander in Vietnam, was replaced. Johnson, continued the work that Kennedy had started. [1] By the conclusion of the United States's involvement in Abstract. In short, the Vietnam War started as a result of the U. Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive. These include photographs, textual and electronic records, audiovisual recordings, exhibits, educational resources, articles, blog posts, lectures, and events. Engaged in a war that many viewed as having The number of U. The emigration of some 2 million refugees from Vietnam from the late 1970s to the early '90s. war actually began. Nov 21, 2023 · The Vietnam War (1954-1975) erupted during the Cold War. Main American involvement: 1954 to 1975 2. Besides being a stigma on the acumen of the political leadership and a blot on transition from French colonial control to the First Indochina War. But there is another, less noticed reason for renewed attention to the There are four major causes for America's involvement in Southeast Asia. The war intensified with the U. A brief history of Vietnam before the war. Jun 14, 2019 · How eight countries got involved in the Vietnam War's Cold War proxy battle. Sep 3, 2021 · The Causes of the Vietnam War Essay. Heroin started flowing more freely into Vietnam from Cambodia in 1970, a Graham Greene, The Quiet American (1955)1. The object of the program was to concentrate rural populations into more defensible positions where they could be more easily protected and segregated from the Viet Cong. In this blog post, we will delve into the causes, consequences, and Jan 9, 2023 · 2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the US withdrawal from Vietnam and the war still casts long shadows over American life. military ship. Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France and received $2. It was a ten-year disaster. These interviews represent a wide variety of branches, service locations, and military roles; collectively, they illuminate the dramatic--and ongoing--effects of the war on those who participated. The end of the Vietnam War also ended the draft, with the United States military becoming an all-volunteer force. Vietnam was the longest war in American history and the most unpopular American war of the 20th century. Usually it refers to the period when the United States and other members of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) joined the forces with the Republic of South Vietnam to contest communist forces, comprised of South Vietnamese guerrillas and regular-force units, generally known as Viet Cong (VC), and Learn About the Vietnam War. 7 Quiz: Causes and consequences of the Vietnam war, so you can be ready for test day. The Vietnam War ended in 1975 after 20 years of fighting and more than 55,000 Americans and between 3 and 4 million Vietnamese dead. long-term causes. Jan 1, 2018 · The Korean War began when North Korean troops pushed into South Korea on June 25, 1950, and it lasted until 1953. After South Vietnamese Premier Ngo Dinh Diem canceled reunification elections scheduled for 1956, the communist Viet Minh decided on war. This war started not long after the struggle of the First Indochina War, when Vietnam was divided into two; North Vietnam and South Vietnam. There were hospitals, armouries, sleeping quarters, kitchens and wells underground. Causes of the Vietnam War, 1945–1954. The 1968 Tet Offensive, a coordinated communist attack on South Vietnamese cities, villages, and military bases, was a tactical failure but a strategic success. How many people lost their lives during the Vietnam War? 3 million. ”. The United States supported the South, while China and Russia supported the North. 50,000. Explore the origins of American involvement, the domino theory, the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, and the escalation of US military intervention. Although historians have had a. Updated on March 23, 2020. United States involvement in the Vietnam War began shortly after the end of World War II in Asia, first in an extremely limited capacity and escalating over a period of 20 years. Watch the Viet Cong's guerrilla communist forces move down the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia. The Vietnam War started because of the threat of communism spreading. The Vietnam War : the causes, events, and legacy The Vietnam War is one of America's highest profile conflicts. Others say American policymakers made bad yet well-intentioned decisions. 12 million. However, we also found that a significant number are suffering from persistent and chronic PTSD symptoms related to their experiences in the war. Since the 19 th century, Vietnam had been under colonial rule. Mar 26, 2018 · By 1972, the idea that Vietnam posed a threat to Cold War America was so discredited, it sometimes sounded as if America’s only remaining war aim was to get back its P. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 had allowed the United States The Vietnam War (also known as Second Indochina War, Vietnamese-American War or American War in Vietnam) lasted from 1 November 1955 to 30 April 1975. Kennedy’s expansion stemmed in part from Cold War -era fears about the “ domino theory ”: if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would topple democracies throughout the whole of Southeast Asia, it was thought. The icon indicates free access to the linked research on JSTOR. The eight areas presented explore the conflict in its complexity, from background to culture to the legacy for US foreign policy. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea, and South Vietnam was set up by the United States and supported by The Vietnam War was a prolonged conflict between North and South Vietnam that started in 1954 and ended many years later in April 1975. The war was primarily a clash of ideologies between the communist government of North Vietnam and the capitalist government of South Vietnam. Some say the war was an inevitable tragedy. Exposure to the herbicide causes Agent Orange effects, which include cancer, congenital (birth) disorders and life-threatening health complications. It pitted communist North Vietnam, backed by the Soviet Union and China, against anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other allies. 8. Aug 14, 2023 · Abstract. Jun 15, 2023 · Here’s a look at the Vietnam War. The preceding day, patrol boats of the South Vietnamese navy had carried out clandestine raids on the islands of Hon Me and Hon Nieu After World War II, France controlled Vietnam, but the Vietnamese were tired of this situation. Poster entitled "Support Vietnam People," circa 1969, showing China's support of the Communist cause in Vietnam. Viet rulers regained control in the 10th century and maintained their autonomy for almost 800 years. Learn about Vietnam War protests, the Tet Offensive, the My Lai Massacre, the Pentagon Papers and more. 1, 1965-April 30, 1975) Vietnam Veterans may have been exposed to a variety of environmental and chemical hazards that carried potential health risks. 4. Vietnam War - Conflict, US Involvement, Outcome: To the new administration of U. to attend a massive anti-war protest on November 15, 1969? 250,000. During the Second World War, Japan invaded the country. North Vietnamese forces were soundly beaten, but when U. An Introduction to the Vietnam War. Later during World War 2 the Japanese invaded Vietnam and around the same time the Vietnamese political leader by the name of Ho Chi Minh created the “Viet Minh The Vietcong had a hidden system of tunnels stretching over 200 miles. The war in Vietnam was a seminal event in post-1945 world affairs. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva, in which Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence and Vietnam was The Vietnam War was one of the most disruptive and divisive conflicts of the 20th century. Vietnam War: Battle of Khe Sanh. Still, others say America had imperial intentions. Read More: Causes and Effects of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975 and was fought between North Vietnam (supported by the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States, and its allies), was the longest war during the Cold War period. Vietnam War Exposures. In September 1945, the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam’s independence from France, beginning a war that pitted Ho’s communist-led Viet Aug 23, 2022 · The Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extract Files contains records of 58,220 U. It was a failure of the containment policy, as Vietnam was now united under communist Mar 9, 2024 · Charlie Company. However, the US started direct military action in Vietnam in 1964 until 1973. Vietnam War - Fall, Saigon, US Withdrawal: In early March the North Vietnamese launched the first phase of what was expected to be a two-year offensive to secure South Vietnam. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was a major conflict of the Cold War. Vietnam War - Negotiation, Withdrawal, Conflict: On January 27, 1973, the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet-Nam was signed by representatives of the South Vietnamese communist forces, North Vietnam, South Vietnam Cause and Effect: The Vietnam War Use the Cause-Effect notes in the table below to write a short history of Vietnam. Although it is small in regard to the limited geographic involvement and the force used, there lies the fact that over two million Vietnamese and 58, 219 Domestic Effects of the Vietnam War. The conflict escalated with the rise of the Viet Minh liberation movement, led by Ho Chi Minh. 2 minutes. Vietnam War: Battle of Ia Drang. Packed with facts, photographs, illustrations, and The 17th parallel would remain the dividing line until the country could be reunited by “peaceful means. China sought to punish Vietnam, yet both sides claimed victory in the short but bloody war. military personnel in Vietnam, less than 800 throughout the 1950s, rose to about 9,000 by the middle of 1962. General William Westmoreland requested more troops to press the advantage, the American public began to see the Vietnam War as a deepening quagmire. Vietnam had been divided into two, with a communist regime in the north under Ho Chi Minh and a democratic government in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. While the naive and anti- American throughout the world, cued by communist propaganda; have trumpeted against American “immorality” in the Vietnam war — aerial bombing, the use of napalm, casualties caused by American combat action — daily and nightly for years, the communists have systematically authored history’s grisliest catalogue The “Domino Theory” was a direct cause of the war. The conflict had a profound and lasting impact on the politics and society of Vietnam and the United States, but also shaped the larger international system in critical ways. My Lai, a subdivision of Son My village, was located in the province of Quang Ngai, roughly 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Quang Ngai city. C. Vietnam War (Nov. 6 million. The causes of the war can be traced back to the end of World War II and the rise of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. s shifted their drug use to heroin, which was odorless and thus harder to detect. 2. military used to clear foliage during the Vietnam conflict. As Lyndon Johnson recalled of Vietnam in his 1971 memoir, “It was a political war, an economic war, and a fighting war—all at the same time. military presence peaked in April 1969, with 543,000 American combat troops stationed in Vietnam. The French were not happy with the loss since it could mean that they fully lost control and economic domination in the region. So why did the Vietnam War happen? The causes of the Vietnam War continue to be studied and debated. Mar 23, 2020 · Robert McNamara. Hepatitis C: An infectious disease that can harm your liver. Although for many years China and the regime in Hanoi had been Oct 3, 2019 · Vietnam War Causes . As it happened, the South's government and army collapsed in less than two months. John F. But this 50th anniversary is somewhat misleading; The Feb 24, 2010 · Operation Rolling Thunder (Mar 2, 1965 – Nov 1, 1968) was the codename for an American bombing campaign during the Vietnam War. Learn how the Vietnam War started as an anticolonial struggle against the French and became a Cold War confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. The biggest moment of all is due in late September: the premiere of the much anticipated 18-hour documentary on the war from Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, an event certain to inspire new waves of commentary about Vietnam and to rekindle debate in living rooms across the nation. The causes and effects of the Vietnam War include the ideological battle between communism and democracy. Use suitable "connectors of result" - linking words or phrases to join the causes and effects: This totals, from a range of between 16,000 and 167,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam during the (Diệm-era), and 42,000 and 118,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam in the post Diệm-era), excluding PAVN forces killed by the ARVN in combat. I. The struggle for Vietnam dates back centuries, to when Vietnam was ruled by its powerful northern neighbour China. Education Find primary Mar 29, 2022 · The Vietnam War was a military campaign launched by North Vietnam against South Vietnam. he purpose of this essay is to provide classroom instructors and other interested parties with a review of a range of read-ings, films, and documentaries about the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States Feb 23, 2017 · Duong Danh Dy, first secretary of the Vietnamese embassy in China in 1979, wrote that Vietnam’s reticence to discuss the war was motivated by the greater cause of fostering amity between the During World War II, a national liberation movement formed under the direction of communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh to combat the French and the occupying Japanese forces. Juan R. Vietnam War Class Notes Dr. The Main Causes Of The Vietnam War 399 Words | 2 Pages. Divide your history into paragraphs (the red lines in the table represent paragraph breaks). The Vietnam War first began in 1959, five years after the division of the country by the Geneva Accords. It was the last major event of the Vietnam War and effectively signalled the bitterly contested unification of Vietnam. In 1959, Ho commenced a guerilla campaign in South Vietnam, led by Jan 18, 2023 · The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was a conflict that lasted from 1955 to 1975 and was fought primarily in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Learn why Vietnam invaded, the war's history, and present-day consequences. Fears of appearing weak against communism compelled During the Vietnam War, the U. The four main causes of the Vietnam War were: 1) The power struggle between France and Ho Chi Minh, 2) The Domino Theory, 3) Cold War politics, and 4) The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964. Apr 11, 2017 · Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979. D. Dec 13, 2021 · The Vietnam War emerged in 1954 when the nationalist forces defeated their French colonial masters. On February 17, 1979, troops from the People’s Republic of China attacked the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in what became known as the Sino-Vietnamese War. The Vietnam War had an impact on the Cold War in 3 main ways: It was a humiliating defeat for the USA. The ideological divide between communism and capitalism, intensified by the Cold War, was a significant factor that contributed to the escalation of the Vietnam War. This made sure that in the future, all soldiers would have a genuine commitment to fighting in their country’s wars abroad. financial support of the French war in Indochina? Did it begin in the 1950s when the Geneva Accords Sep 21, 2021 · What were the causes of the Vietnam War? After the end of the First Indochina War and the Viet Minh defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the countries meeting at the Geneva Conference divided Vietnam into northern and southern halves, ruled by separate regimes, and scheduled elections to reunite the country under a unified government. The war resulted in much death; innocent civilians and young Americans were killed. The Vietnamese nationalist advocated for communist rule which offered a major threat to the French capitalism rule. Oct 19, 2023 · The Vietnam War, spanning from 1955 to 1975, remains one of the most complex and controversial conflicts in modern history. 1. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring countries, including Laos and Sep 6, 2023 · The Vietnam War caused a major change in the United States military. Here is a quick summary of them Feb 19, 2018 · The second war was a civil war between the two zones created at Geneva: North Vietnam, governed by Vietnamese Communists, and South Vietnam, backed by American aid and, eventually, by American troops. s (President Richard It fuelled an increase in the US anti-war movement, which peaked in 1969. The ideological clash over Vietnam. For the veterans who served during this era, this conflict has particular meaning. The Vietnam War [A 2] was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955[A 1], to April 30, 1975 when Saigon fell. The Vietnam War was a controversial war that caused much anger and resentment in the United States. Dec 5, 2018 · Causes and Effects of The Vietnam War. Fifty years after the fact, the Vietnam War remains part of our collective national consciousness. Agent Orange or. The Vietnam War is the commonly used name for the Second Indochina War, 1954–1975. Even today, many Americans still ask whether the American effort in Vietnam was a sin, a Nov 21, 2023 · In 1978, Vietnam ousted the Khmer Rouge by invading Cambodia. Hearing problems caused by noise: Harmful sounds from guns, explosives, rockets, heavy weapons, jets and aircraft, and machinery that can cause or Overview of the Vietnam WarDigital History ID 2925. The United States became involved in the conflict in an effort to support western aligned ally South Vietnam and stop the spread of communism. involvement due to their anti-communist stance. The war involved North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union and China, against South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. North Vietnamese tactics, management, and resilience were able to overcome the super-powerful tools and Vietnam War - Conflict, US Involvement, Aftermath: The Diem government undertook an extensive security campaign called the Strategic Hamlet Program. 1946 - Communists in the north begin fighting France for control of the country. From Vietnam Perspective (1985), a documentary by Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation. The Conflict Over Interpretations Continues. One of the main reasons it remains a source of argument is that it is difficult to say when the U. How many people showed up in Washington D. military fatal casualties of the Vietnam War. The Vietnamese civil war began in 1959. Throughout the war and the events leading up to it Dec 15, 2023 · The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, occurred from November 1, 1955, to April 30, 1975. military used a variety of chemicals called rainbow herbicides to destroy the forest that provided cover to enemy combatants. Diseases related to Agent Orange: A toxic chemical used to clear trees and plants during the war that can cause long-term health effects. By the 19th century, however, the tide Sep 6, 2021 · Jennifer Rosenberg. Many Western journalists declared the Vietnam War a lost cause and called for a peace agreement and American withdrawal. Causes of Vietnam War. Aug 3, 2017 · The National Archives has a wealth of records and information documenting the U. The Vietnam war also resulted in rioting, distrust for the United States government, and the loss of many lives. These tunnel systems could hide thousands Feb 10, 2023 · Agent Orange was a toxic, plant-killing chemical (herbicide) that the U. The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 – 1973 and was fought through North and South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos the war began because North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh (1892-1969) tried to take over South Vietnam from the French which was non-communist. S. In Why did the U. The increasing military aggression of north Vietnam. The Vietnam War was fought between the communist government of North Vietnam and the western supported government of South Vietnam from 1957 to 1975. 7 May, 1954 - The French suffer a decisive defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam War: Battle of Hamburger Hill. 7 Jan 16, 2024 · The Vietnam War was a brutal and contentious conflict lasting from 1955 to 1975. It resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and in an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths. The 30-year struggle for control over Vietnam was over. The Vietnam War, a major event in history, started with France colonizing Southeast Asia in the late 1800s. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, but his successor, Lyndon B. The Viet Minh, as they were known, coordinated their efforts with Allied troops fighting in the war’s Pacific Theater until the eventual defeat of Japan in 1945. For this reason, in Vietnam today it is known as the American War. Read More. Learn why a country that had been barely known to most Americans came to define an era. NVVLS findings confirm the NVVRS finding that the majority of Vietnam theater veterans are mentally and physically healthy four or more decades after their warzone service. The Raid on Son Tay. Updated on September 06, 2021. entered the Vietnam War in an attempt to prevent the spread of communism, but foreign policy, economic interests, national fears, and geopolitical strategies also played major roles. On March 8, 1965, US combat troops landed in South Vietnam, marking a formal beginning to ten years of war that would ultimately cost more than 58,000 American lives and over 2,000,000 Vietnamese lives. A map of North and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War showing major air bases and the communists' supply routes, including the Ho Chi Minh Trail. si wg nu my ei ve hu df ac ba