Decimal to binary in c

Decimal to binary in c. long long B_Number = 0; Jun 14, 2023 · I wanted to print how negative decimal numbers are stored in memory . an int or a long), and snprintf(3) to convert an integer to a string. The binary representation of 25 is “11001”. Decimal number is a base 10 number because it ranges from 0 to 9, there are total 10 digits between 0 to 9. Firstly divide the given number with the base value of conversion number e. A regular decimal number is the sum of the digits multiplied with power of 10. Using Bitwise Operators. Using Math. Here's a way to convert to binary that uses a more "programming-like" approach rather than a "math-like" approach, for lack of a better description (the two are actually identical though, since this one just Integer. We have designed different diagrams and code examples to make this problem a piece of cake for our readers. A binary number is converted into a decimal number by multiplying each digit of the binary number by the power of either 1 or 0 to the corresponding power of 2. a) push NUM on stack. May 1, 2024 · Method 2: Recursive Approach: Following is recursive method to print binary representation of ‘NUM’. So make sure that your settings are matched with c++11. Numbers are not made of digits! Then you probably want sscanf(3) or strtol(3) pr atoi to convert a string to an integer (e. x << 1 == x * 2. Step 2: Divide the number by 2 using the “/ “ (division operator) Step 3: Keep repeating steps 1 and 2 until the total is larger than zero. The code looked something like this: #include <iostream>. See the code, the output, and the explanation of the conversion process. ) If you want to construct the binary representation of an integer, don't construct it in an integer. Enter the Decimal number. Decimal Number. Input binary number from user. Step 2: Divide the number by 2. Finally, these digits are Program to Convert Binary to Decimal in C Language using for loop: Let’s write the binary number to decimal number conversion program using the for loop instead of the while loop. Let us consider that a binary number has n digits, B = a n-1 …a 3 a 2 a 1 a 0. Approach: A hexadecimal number is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16 and uses sixteen distinct symbols. Find last digit from binary by performing modulo division. In the binary system, each binary digit refers to 1 bit. This can then be represented to human users in other forms such as decimal or hex. Binary Equivalent of 14 is 1110. Sep 9, 2022 · Output: RUN 1: Enter Decimal Number : 108. Binary is 11111111. Leading zero is not a "missing digit" (BTW, for binary "bit" stands for "Binary digIT"), because it does not change the value. Let's see the c example to convert decimal to binary. Equivalent binary number would be reverse of all remainders of step 1. Let's see how the while loop in the convert() function works. Divide the number by 2 and get the quotient and remainder. The program logic is not going to change. Mar 25, 2015 · Reason: the binary representation is stored as an integer. In this tutorial, we will learn how to convert a decimal number to binary in C++. Eg. Algorithm to Convert a Decimal to Binary in C. The called function to binary will perform actual conversion. Sep 24, 2020 · Step 1: Divide the decimal number continuously by 2 and right the remainder on the right-hand side of the dividend. But we are going to use the for loop in this case. Method 1: Getting Binary Number as Integer. Equivalent binary value of C: 1100. May 1, 2023 · The function printf is unable to output a number in the binary format. Extract the last digit (digit = num% 10) Calculate decimal equivalent of this digit. However,if you want to print the binary digits (1 and 0) that Apr 25, 2023 · Approach 1: Conversion of Decimal to Binary using Division by 2: This is a straightforward method which involves dividing the number to be converted. Number: 72. Therefore i want to print that 2's compliment and required correct logic to do so. In this post, we will learn how to write a code for Decimal to Binary Conversion in C++. There's no way to use a union to change one integer representation to another. Decimal number example: 653 10 = 6×10 2 +5×10 1 +3×10 0. How to convert from hex to decimal. h> int main() { long long decimal, tempDecimal, binary; int rem The process to convert decimal to binary in C follows the below algorithm. Dec 23, 2020 · In computers, we normally use four different numbering systems – Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal. Repeat these steps until are digits of the binary number are processed. The decimal system is a number system that is used in our day-to-day applications like business, etc. Example 1: Convert decimal number 5 to a binary. This conversion is essential as computers operate in binary, while humans commonly use decimals. For example, to convert decimal 6 to binary, we divide 6 by 2 repeatedly until the quotient becomes 0. We’ve created a variable that can store the value of the decimal number, and then divided it by 2 (short division by 2 method). Binary Number. The step by step process to convert from the decimal to the binary system is: Find the largest power of 2 that lies within the given number. Apr 29, 2023 · Equivalent binary value of 1: 0001. Enter a binary number: 1101. We will look at different ways for coding Decimal to Binary in C++. By interpreting the sequence of remainders in reverse order, the binary equivalent is established. Iterative Logic. Repeat until there is no remainder. Decimal number's digits have 10 symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. To convert a decimal number to binary, a simple b = d; suffices. Dec 16, 2022 · Show activity on this post. Output: Binary = 0101110100011111. Step 1: Divide the number by 2 and find the remainder, then store the remainder in an array. Step 3: Repeat the above two steps until the number is greater than zero. Initialize i = 0, decimal = 0. Which is lastDigit = binary % 10. Step 2: Divide the number by 2 through / (division operator) Step 3: Repeat the step 2 until number is greater than 0. The standard solution to convert a number to its binary format in C++ is using the std::bitset class from the <bitset> header. For example, consider the decimal value 19. Example: To convert the decimal number 25 to binary: Divide 25 by 2, getting the quotient 12 and a remainder of 1. Mar 8, 2021 · How to convert a decimal number to a binary number by using the function in the C programming language? Solution. Mar 4, 2024 · Steps to convert decimal number to binary number using decimal to the binary formula are as follow: Step 1: Divide the given decimal number by 2, and find the remainder (Ri). Store it in a variable say binary. Mar 26, 2024 · Decimal to Binary Conversion Algorithm. Step 1: Write down the binary number. Jun 16, 2023 · Binary to Decimal in C. Binary or decimal numbers do not exist, but a given number may have a binary, and a decimal, representation. Then, divide the decimal number by 2 and continue the loop until the decimal number is equal to 0. Learn how to write a user-defined function to convert binary and decimal numbers in C programming. Decimal number is a number expressed in the base 10 numeral system. RUN 2: Enter Decimal Number : 255. It's precisely the same number. Find the largest power of 2 within the remainder found in step 2. Aug 24, 2015 · I am trying to convert a decimal to binary such as 192 to 11000000. Divide the new quotient (6) by 2, getting 3 with a remainder of 0. printf("The binary version of the number you input, %d, is = ",decimalno); getch(); Explanation: As you can see, you need to use an array to convert a decimal number to its binary form. Jul 7, 2021 · Source Code:https://www. This function will convert integer to binary in C#. Given a decimal number as input, write a program to convert the given decimal number into an equivalent binary number. Decimal and binary are representations of numbers. The extracted digit is then multiplied by the proper base (power of 2). If the remainder is 0, then the binary number is 0. Input: Hexadecimal = 5D1F. In the program, we have included the header file cmath to perform mathematical operations in the program. Thus, 0 is the least significant bit of the binary equivalent. Here’s a simple algorithm to convert a decimal to Binary to Decimal Conversion C Program to Convert Binary to Decimal. Subtract that value from the given number. Problem Statement. Recursive Logic. Imagine converting a decimal to binary: dec 255 -> hex 0xFF -> bin 0b1111_1111 dec 1023 -> hex 0x3FF -> bin 0b11_1111_1111 and you have to store this binary representation as it were a decimal number. If the remainder is 0 store the bit as 0 else 1. Example 1 Aug 24, 2015 · You can use a simpler and easier approach to convert decimal to binary number system. Any combination of digits is decimal number such as 223, 585, 192, 0, 7 etc. Binary number is a base Transcript. Pay attention to that just to output a number in the binary format there is no need to convert it to another objec. Decimal to Binary conversion method. Push to store the values). Binary number is a number expressed in the base 2 numeral system. This class represents a fixed-size sequence of bits, which can be manipulated as a single unit or as individual bits. Why binary and … How to convert decimal to binary in c++ Read More » Decimal to binary in C. Alternatively, we can directly use the bitset class from the STL library. What is Binary to Decimal Conversion? Binary-to-decimal conversion involves translating a number from the binary system (base 2), which utilizes digits 0 and 1, to the decimal system (base 10), which employs digits from 0 to 9. We keep going until we reach the smallest power of 2, which is 1. Every binary number is composed of 0s and 1s. Binary to Decimal program in C++. Press the Convert button below the number field. How to convert binary to decimal. We repeat this process until we get the quotient 0. Step 2: Divide the number by 2 through / (division operator) Step 3: Repeat the step 2 until the number is greater than zero. Decimal to Binary conversion method-1. Here is C program to convert decimal to binary using bitwise operator with any decimal supported by system and holding only the required memory. (More to the point, d was binary already, if it has a meaningful base at all. To convert integer to Binary, we repeatedly divide the quotient by the base, until the quotient is zero, making note of the remainders at each step (used Stack. int decnum, binnum[50], i=0; printf ( "Enter any decimal number: " ); Apr 8, 2022 · It doesn't make sense to convert from binary to decimal, since computers only use one system - binary. Step 3: Remainder, when 2 is divided by 8, is 2. #include <stdio. Whereas a binary number is a base 2 number. For binary number with n digits: d n-1 d 3 d 2 d 1 d 0 Exit. Initialize another variable to store index, say index = INT_SIZE - 1;. Equivalent binary value of A: 1010. May 2, 2024 · Binary to Decimal Conversion. Then, write the remainders in reverse order to get the binary equivalent. Keep dividing until the quotient equals 0, and write the remainders in reverse order to find the binary number. dividing 42 by 2 because we need to convert 42 into a binary numbers which have base 2 and then obtain a quotient and store it. Let’s take a look at the program logic: First, extract digits from the right side of the number. Print the array in reverse order now. Also Read, Binary to Hex Converter, C Static Function. There are 10 total digit choices we can accommodate in a decimal number. Dec 7, 2022 · 1. Step 4: Print the array in reverse order to get the binary representation of the number. Oct 26, 2022 · Repeat the above two steps until the number is not equal to 0. toString(n,16) //decimal to Hex We have these functions in java do we have such built-in functions in c++ Sep 22, 2008 · 49. Declare an array of size required to store an integer in memory (i. Binary. Step 2: Divide 16 by 8. Apr 21, 2024 · Converting Decimal to Binary. Decimal to Binary Conversion Algorithm. Decimal to Binary in C++ can be achieved with or without using an array. The loop starts with i = 0. It is highly recommended to go through all the examples stated in the article and try the code yourself. Binary: 0001001. 1101 in binary = 13 in decimal. Then add power of 2 to the decimal result. Suppose n = 1101. Input a decimal number from user. Equivalent binary value of 5: 0101. Press the Convert button. As we know that the negative number is stored by taking the 2's compliment of the entered negative number . Take the most significant bit (MSB) and then multiply it by 2 and add a second leftmost bit, store it as a current result. We can convert any decimal number (base-10 (0 to 9)) into binary number (base-2 (0 or 1)) by C++ program. decimal += digit * pow (2,i); Reduce the number (num /= 10. Repeat step 2 until we get the quotient equal to zero. It has only two-digit choices, 0 and 1. How to convert decimal to binary in 64 bits? 0. Okay so I'm tryna create a program that: (1) swaps my array. We continue the algorithm with 3. With a decimal number as input, we need to write a program to convert the given decimal number into the equivalent binary number. Jan 15, 2018 · If you assume that the input number fits into 8 bits, you can change printing code to: for (int j = 7; j >= 0; j--) cout << binaryNum[j]; If you want to be able to print all numbers with multiples of 8 bits, you can change that to: . Jan 27, 2016 · Step by step descriptive logic to convert decimal to binary number system. We ask the user to enter a binary number and pass it to the convert() function to convert it decimal. toString(n,8) // decimal to octal Integer. Let's create a C program to convert a binary number to a decimal number. Conversion from decimal to binary in C. So make sure your compiler settings are correct and/or your compiler supports C++11. The binary number is in base 2 while the decimal number is in base 10. There are numerous approaches to converting the given decimal number into an equivalent binary number in Java. I know it's reversed from the correct answer for this decimal, just want to correct the missing digit first. Decimal number is a base 10 number as it ranges from 0 to 9. Continue dividing the quotient by 2 until you reach 0. Step 2: Now divide the quotient (Qi) that is obtained in the above step by 2, and find the remainder. Step 2: Write the remainders from bottom to top. com/cpp/examples/decimal-to-binary-conversionIn this complete video session we will learn how to convert a given decimal numbe Mar 20, 2010 · Convert decimal to binary in C. Step 1: Step 2: Mar 1, 2024 · Methods For Decimal to Binary Conversion. Step3: Repeat step 2 until the number is greater than zero. using namespace std; cout << "Enter decimal number for conversion:" << endl; int dec; cin >> dec; The next section of the code uses a for loop to convert the decimal number to binary. from decimal to binary in c. Sep 28, 2018 · This outputs a value which is completely off of the binary output. The decimal to binary algorithm in this C++ programming tutorial shows you how to perform the Oct 1, 2020 · cout << bin; return 0; } It works by finding the largest multiple of 2 smaller than the decimal number we have, and then subtracting it from the decimal. Algorithm Jul 13, 2023 · Algorithm for Decimal to Binary Conversion in C. Add it to decimal variable. using System; Mar 30, 2010 · result += (number[i] - '0') * pow; return result; } You should check for overflow and do input validation of course. Algorithm: The simplest way to convert a Decimal number to Binary number is to use the following algorithm: 1. bitset represents a fixed-size sequence of N bits, and it offers multiple built-in methods to manipulate the binary data efficiently. Aug 20, 2015 · Step by step descriptive logic to convert binary to decimal number system. 14. Step 1: Remainder when 16 is divided by 8 is 0. Now, the corresponding decimal number is given as Reading a binary number is easier than it looks: This is a positional system; therefore, every digit in a binary number is raised to the powers of 2, starting from the rightmost with 2 0. New number is 16/8 = 2. Mar 15, 2023 · Use a loop to convert the decimal number to binary. Enter a Decimal Number in the first field. Learn how to write a C program that translates a decimal number to its binary equivalent using a simple algorithm. Using Arrays. 3. Any combination of 1 and 0 is a binary number, such as 1001, 101, 11111, 101010, etc. Nov 10, 2021 · I n this tutorial, we are going to see how to write a C program to convert decimal to binary using for loop. printf-family functions now support the %b format for output of integers in binary, as specified in draft ISO C2X, and the %B variant of that format recommended by draft ISO C2X. (2) performs caesar cipher substitution on the swapped array (3) convert the array from (2) that is in decimal form into 8-bit binary form. Mar 26, 2024 · A binary number has a base 2 as it is either 1 or 0. Then it adds the corresponding multiple of 10 to the binary number. Decimal. This C example allows to enter the binary value and uses the while loop to convert binary to decimal. In the binary number system, 0’s and 1’s are the May 25, 2020 · By using scanf("%d", &n) to input the number, it is automatically converted to binary form, in the sense that the user types some digits (ASCII characters, string) and you get the value in n which is an int, 4 bytes (depending on platform) which is actually 4 x 8 =32 bits binary. Each digit of a decimal number counts a power of 10. Write a C Program to Convert Binary Numbers to Decimal number using a while loop with an example. Algorithm to Convert Nov 4, 2023 · A Binary number is a number represented in the base-2 numeral system using the digits 0 and 1. 2. Jul 9, 2021 · In this article, we will learn how to convert decimal to binary in c++ in detail. Here we simply divide the number by 2 and keep passing it as new value of num to binary_rec () function, and we print num%2 once num = 1 and it returns the value 1. 0. Continue until the quotient becomes 0. Mar 22, 2024 · Learn how to convert a decimal number to an equivalent binary number using different approaches and languages. Use an integer type capable of encoding the decimal number 1111_1111_1111_1111: use long long. The loop continues until num becomes 0. Apr 25, 2023 · Binary number in C. Ten cars in decimal is the same number of cars as ten cars in binary. Store it in some variable say num. For example this would output: 11000100 11110010 11 "1434923237" <- not right (not the actual binary values) Decimal to Binary (from online): char* convertDecimalToBinary(int n) {. Update the base value by multiplying it by 2 to represent the next power of 2 for the next digit. 32 bits), say bin[INT_SIZE];. Below is the source code for C Program to convert positive decimal number to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal which is successfully compiled and run on Windows System to produce desired output as Mar 1, 2024 · Divide the quotient by 2. To use this technique, divide the decimal number by 2 several times, putting the result (either 0 or 1) in a binary array until the quotient is zero. Return the variable dec_value that stores the decimal value. Therefore it probably makes far more sense to convert from an integer to a string with decimal format. Initially, start from the leftmost digit (or MSB) from the input. The decimal number is a 10 base number because it goes from 0 to 9, there are 10 digits in total, between 0 Oct 27, 2020 · Convert decimal to binary in C. Review the Output. Hex numbers are read the same way, but each digit counts power of 16 instead of power of 10. Converting decimal number to binary in C. In this method, we will create a function that uses a while loop to iterate through each digit of the binary number and convert it to a decimal number. A few of them are listed below. Step 1: Use the percent (modulus operator) to divide the integer by two and put the residue in an array. void binaryConvert(int); int main() {. Apr 19, 2020 · Learn how to convert decimal numbers to binary numbers in C++. In each iteration of the loop, the value of num % 2 is stored in binaryArray [i]. If dec = 45, first r = 32, which means 10 ^ 6 = 100000 (binary representation of 32) is added to the bin (initialized to 0). instms. When we divide 6 by 2, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 0. Step 1: Divide the number by 2 through % (modulus operator) and store the remainder in array. Now I have code used earlier in my program that does this, but with a char pointer: char * decimalBinary (char * decimalNumber) {. Integral part of resultant decimal number will be first digit of fraction binary number. Start by finding the largest power of 2 that fits into the number, write down a "1" to represent that power of 2, and subtract it from the number. See examples, code, and explanations of the conversion process. Decimal to binary conversion examples (51) 10 = (110011) 2 (217) 10 = (11011001) 2 (8023) 10 Feb 2, 2024 · Use std::bitset Class to Convert Decimal Number to Binary in C++. Save the remainder within an array. Divide the decimal number by 2, and write down the remainder (either 0 or 1). To convert the numbers from decimal to binary, proceed with the steps given below: Step 1: Divide the given decimal number by “2” to provide the result and the remainder. Step2: Divide the number by 2 through the division (/) operator. Let's take some examples now. Nov 30, 2023 · This post will discuss how to convert a decimal to binary in C++. Step 2: Starting with the least significant digit (LSB - the rightmost one), multiply the digit by the value of the position. Algorithm for Decimal to Binary Conversion in C++ Representing Positive Decimal Numbers in Binary. step 1) if NUM > 1. Mar 6, 2024 · To convert a decimal number to binary, you can use the division method. Decimal To Binary in C Char Array. B) Convert the fractional part of decimal to binary equivalent. Binary is 1101100. I just need some simple code to do this but the code I have so far doesn't work: void dectobin(int value, char* output) { int i; output[5] = '\0'; for (i = 4; i >= 0; --i, value >>= 1) { output[i] = (value & 1) + '0'; } } Decimal. You want it as a string. g. Ive tried a LONG but they just output a negative value. Otherwise you could convert a number in a string. Write a C program that takes a decimal number as input and convert it to a binary number. For Example: If the given decimal number is 16. In this example, you will learn about C++ program to convert binary number to decimal and decimal to binary number. Therefore, arr [0] = 0. Moreover your function does not make sense because numbers are already stored in the binary format. To convert a decimal number to a binary number in C programming, you have to ask the user to enter the number (in the decimal number system) to convert it into a binary number and then display the equivalent value in binary as an output. Jan 8, 2020 · C decimal to binary without arrays. Binary numbers in C are represented using the data type int or long int which allocate memory in the form of 32 or 64 bits respectively. If lastDigit is 1. This is a simple approach to convert a binary number into a decimal number. Nov 25, 2022 · 1. Let's see the C# example to convert decimal to binary. That is quite limited. Sep 9, 2012 · After a little experimentation, I think that your program is intended to accept a number consisting of 1's and 0's only as a base-10 number (the %d reads a decimal number). It may generate value just slightly smaller than the integer expected and is slow. Continue doing this until you reach the most significant digit (MSB - the leftmost one). Divide the quotient by 2, and continue down the remainder. Step 1: Determine the remainder by dividing the input number by 2. Algorithm: Decimal to Binary Conversion. Note that stoi function was introduced in C++11. Using std::bitset function. Below is the implementation of the above approach: Jan 13, 2023 · number /= 2; printf("%s", binary); I'm getting. Predefined functions can also be used to convert Decimal to Binary in C++. " On the basis of the binary value "in the sense of a 32 bit unsigned int" reply to my clarification question, I assumed that the intention was to Apr 18, 2021 · Doubling method to convert binary to decimal. Binary numbers are written using the prefix 0b followed by a sequence of 0’s and 1’s. Aug 24, 2023 · Update the decimal value by multiplying last_digit with the current base value and adding it to dec_value. bool zeroFront = true; Apr 4, 2013 · You can't, that doesn't make any sense. Step 2: If the given decimal number is even, then the result will be whole, and it provides the remainder with “0”. This value represents the binary digit. #include<stdio. Oct 27, 2012 · Notice that numbers are just numbers. For user input num. Hot Network Questions Apr 15, 2017 · Convert decimal to binary in C. Divide the decimal number by 2 and note down the remainder. b) recursively call function with 'NUM / 2'. Divide the quotient (12) by 2, getting 6 with a remainder of 0. Mar 22, 2017 · Decimal system is base 10 (ten symbols, 0-9, are used to represent a number) and similarly, binary is base 2, octal is base 8 and hexadecimal is base 16. The logic we are using is called function to convert decimal number to binary number is as follows − Dec 31, 2015 · I'm a total beginner in C++ and today I thought I'd write myself a small program that converts a decimal number to binary. Step1: First, divide the number by 2 through the modulus (%) operator and store the remainder in an array. pow () Function (Without using arrays) 1. As of February 3rd, 2022, the GNU C Library been updated to version 2. h>. When we divide 3 by 2, both quotient and remainder are 1. 1. To convert a number from decimal to binary, we need to figure out which combination of 0s and 1s will represent the number. Explanation: In the above code, we have created a class DecimalToBinary, one int type data member decimal to store the decimal number, and public member functions getDecimal () and DToB () to store and convert the given decimal Oct 7, 2014 · The original question was a bit unclear, mentioning on the one hand that the starting point was an in_addr structure, and that the intention was "to convert from dotted decimal to a binary value. toString(n,2) // decimal to binary Integer. The Binary Number output will appear in the second field. Multiply the fractional decimal number by 2. Examples of decimal numbers and their corresponding binary numbers are as follows −Dec Oct 28, 2013 · So I know there is a way to convert Dec to binary using the bitset library but can you do the same for binary to decimal using the bitset library? or do you have to do it manually? bitset<8> bin_x(number); Base may be 2 for binary 16 for hexadecimal 0 for auto base detection. And so far I've successfully done the first 2 parts but I'm facing problem with converting the array from decimal to Oct 18, 2019 · To convert a decimal number into a binary number follow the given steps −. int binaryNumber = 0; Enter a Decimal number. In this program, we are calling a function to binary in main(). As a result, %b is now supported to output in binary format. For binary number with n digits: d n-1 d 3 d 2 d 1 d 0 Jul 5, 2015 · My answer is in decimal format, of type long double, such as: long double answer; answer = numberOne + numberTwo; I want to convert this answer into binary. 137 in base 10 is equal to each digit multiplied with its corresponding power of 10: 137 10 = 1×10 2 +3×10 1 +7×10 0 = 100+30+7. Copy or Save. Inside the loop, calculate the remainder when the decimal number is divided by 2 (the binary base) and store it in the next element of the binary array. 35. e. Method 1: Using Positions. Time needed: 1 minute. How to use the Decimal to Binary Converter. step 2) a) pop NUM from stack, divide it by 2 and print it's remainder. long long decimalToBinary_alt(int N) {. See examples, diagrams, code snippets and time complexity analysis. Do not use pow(), a floating point function for an integer problem. Run a loop from INT_SIZE to 0. Converting positive decimal numbers to binary entails a process of iterative division by 2, with attention given to the remainder. Jun 23, 2020 · C Program To Convert Decimal Number to Binary - In a computer system, the binary number is expressed in the binary numeral system while the decimal number is in the decimal numeral system. Sep 29, 2022 · Program for Decimal to binary Conversion in C++. The value of num is then divided by 2 using the num = num / 2 statement. In this system the symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are used to denote various numbers. Step 2: Divide the remainder value by 2. Step 3: Iterate these two steps till the value your receive, as a result, exceeds zero. bo ch yt ap uu ey sf rc wy hr